What occurs when transmission line loading exceeds surge impedance loading?

When transmission line loading exceeds surge impedance loading, the line acts like an inductor. Surge impedance is a characteristic of the transmission line that represents the relationship between voltage and current in a scenario where there are no losses and the line is at optimal loading. When the loading surpasses this ideal level, it creates conditions that lead to an inductive behavior, which means that the line stored energy in the magnetic field rather than delivering it efficiently to the load.

The inductive behavior can result in a range of effects, such as increased reactive power demand and voltage drop across the line. This state can lead to stability issues in the system if not managed properly.

In contrast, the other options do not accurately describe the behavior of the transmission line beyond surge impedance loading. For example, characterizing it as a capacitor would imply a leading power factor, which is not the case when the line is overloaded in this manner. The notion that the line would cease to function or that losses would decrease also misrepresents the impact of overloading, as increased loading typically leads to higher losses and operational challenges.